Introduction Evaluating frequency responses of components and circuits is essential for ensuring the performance of electronic equipment. Especially in the case of the high-reliability electronic equipment used in automotive, medical, and aerospace and defense industries, it is necessary to evaluate a wide variety of components and circuits in the low- to high-frequency ranges. Among these applications, the low-frequency network analyzer plays an important role in ensuring the stable and reliable operation of low-frequency analog circuits such as sensor systems and power supplies. You need a better understanding of low-frequency network analysis (gain-phase measurements) as well as RF network analysis (S-parameter measurements). This application note describes fundamentals of low-frequency network analysis using the E5061B LF-RF network analyzer. Here we mainly discuss simple low-frequency 2-port device measurements and associated topics such as high- impedance probing techniques and high-attenuation measurements.